By 1200 CE, rectangular platforms mounds were. Even the types of foods utilized by the Hohokam show a Mesoamerican connection. Platform mounds were built by the prehistoric Salado and Hohokam people of southern Arizona from the 13th through the 15th century A.D., the Classic period. During the Classic period, these immigrants constructed walled villages with above-ground rooms, and the platform mounds seen in the lower Gila River basin. By 1150 CE, pithouses were replaced by above-ground structures in the compound style with central courtyards. Ballcourts, while architecturally different from those to the south are also a clear cultural connection with the ideology of Mesoamerica. Several Hohokam villages also are described where ritual space was oriented according to basic cardinal directions. Hohokam platform mounds are similar to mounds built and used in Mexico by such groups as the Toltec, Aztec and Maya. Several locations are identified in the Phoenix region of Arizona, including mountains and prominent rock formations, where the solstices and equinoxes could be tracked through horizon alignments during sunrise and sunset and by light-and-shadow patterns during midday on those solar events. Absolutely covered in beautiful lavender as far as the eye could see in all. A fine caliche plaster made the central playing fields. Archeologists have identified about 200 ball courts like this in Arizona.
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Players used stone balls larger than todays professional baseballs. Each side of the long desert dirt road to the site was blanketed with wild flowers. Then when the Casa Grande was built, around 100150 years after the platform mounds, it became the center of the community. Arizona had had very unusual wonderful spring rains. This chapter describes archaeological evidence at Hohokam sites for marking of the sun's cycles, especially during the solstices and equinoxes, with rock art and adobe architecture. We were sent to a map a Hohokam platform mound, circa 1150-1300 AD, in the middle of the desert east of the Pichacho Peak area. In addition, orienting their ritual architecture and public spaces such as ball courts, platform mounds, and plazas according to the cardinal directions would have required knowledge of the sun's daily and annual movement through the sky. Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park, in Phoenix, Arizona is a National Historic Landmark. A book about the Hohokam published by Pueblo Grande Museum. Choreographing the movement of people and scheduling the cleaning and repair of their canals during low water periods, as well as harvesting their bountiful crops during two growing seasons, would have required a calendar system that reflected the natural cycles of the Sonoran Desert. The platform mounds are also surrounded by the most developed residential compounds, indicating the centrality of the mounds to the community. The Hohokam culture, one of the major pre-Columbian cultural groups in the American Southwest, is well known for their extensive irrigation systems, the largest in the New World.
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